'The Antislavery Alphabet' 1847

Image ID: 8351

Collection: Karen Halttunen

Topic(s): Nineteenth Century, Antebellum Reform, Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.6 - The divergent paths of the American people from 1800 to the mid-1800s...with emphasis on the Northeast.

National Standard(s): Expansion and Reform (1801-1861)

Card Text: "The Antislavery Alphabet" for children, Philadelphia, PA, 1847

Citation: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens, 1151 Oxford Road, San Marino, CA 91108

Nat Turner Rebellion, 1831

Image ID: 6379

Collection: Roland Marchand

Topic(s): Black Americans, Black Protest to 1950's, Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.7 - The divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s

National Standard(s): Expansion and Reform (1801-1861)

Card Text: Nat Turner Rebellion, 1831. Illustration published in the Anti-Slavery Almanac of Negro slaves' massacre of whites in Virginia.

Citation: Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-38902. In Norman A. Graebner, A History of the U.S., Vol. I, 1970, p. 698.

Slave Auction Notice, 1769

Image ID: 6978

Collection: Karen Halttunen

Topic(s): Early American Slavery, Slavery and Abolition, 18th Century Families, 18th Century Portraits, Abolition, Agriculture, Business, Charleston, Colonial America, Columbian Exchange, Developing Nations, Early Ads, Early National Period, Immigrant Societies and Organization, Labor, Market Economy, Nineteenth Century Slavery, Slave Trading, Slavery, Working, and Living Conditions

Region(s): United States, Caribbean, North America

CA Standard(s): 8.7 - The divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s , 5.4 - Political, religious, social, and economic institutions that evolved in the colonial era. , 5.7 - People and events associated with the development of the U.S. Constitution and it's significance as the foundation of the American republic, 5.8 - The colonization, immigration, and settlement patterns of the American people from 1789 to the mid-1800s..., 7.10 - The historical developments of the Scientific Revolution and its lasting effect on religious, political, and cultural institutions, 7.11 - political and economic change in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries (the Age of Exploration, the Enlightenment, and the Age of Reason), 8.1 - Major events preceding the founding of the nation and the development of American constitutional democracy, 8.10 - The multiple causes, key events, and complex consequences of the Civil War

National Standard(s): Colonization and Settlement (1585-1763), Revolution and the New Nation (1754-1820s) , The Emergence of the First Global Age, 1450-1770, An Age of Revolutions, 1750-1914

Card Text: Slave auction notice, Charleston, SC, wharf, 1769. "Charleston, July 24, 1769, To Be Sold. on Thursday, the third Day of August next, a CARGO of ninety-four Prime Healthy Negroes, consisting of thirty-nine Men, fifteen Boys, twenty-four Women, and sixteen Girls. Just arrived, in the Brigantine Dembia, Francis Bare, Master, from Sierra Leone, by David and John Deas." Slave auctioneering was a lucrative business in the colonies. Auctioneers of enslaved Africans were considered regular members of society, their auctions held in public and attended by large crowds. During the colonial period two styles of auction developed. In “grab and go” auctions, purchasers and the auctioneer negotiated a single price for all the slaves. They then met in large pens where the enslaved people were held; the auctioneer threw open the gates, and the purchasers raced in to grab the slaves they wanted. Then they paid the auctioneer the agreed-upon price to leave the pen with the slave. Here is a description of such a sale: “...I was witness to a sale by scramble, where about 250 Negroes were sold. All the Negroes bear an equal price; which is agreed upon between the captains and the purchasers before the sale begins. On a day appointed, the Negroes were landed and placed together in a large yard belonging to the merchants to whom the ship was consigned. As soon as the hour agreed on arrived, the doors of the yard were suddenly thrown open and in rushed a considerable number of purchasers, with all the ferocity of brutes. Some instantly seized such of the Negroes as they could conveniently lay hold of with their hands. Others being prepared with several handkerchiefs tied together, encircled as many as they were able. While others, by means of a rope, effected the same purpose. It is scarcely possible to describe the confusion....” In the “Highest Bidder” method, slaves were brought up individually and prospective purchasers were allowed to “inspect” the slave. Enslaved persons were made to walk or jump on stage. Purchasers would inspect teeth and look for hidden injuries. These inspections could even include strip searches. The auctioneer then called out a price that was accepted by willing buyers. The auctioneer continued to call out higher amounts until no one would bid; at that point the purchaser with the highest bid “won” the rights to the enslaved person. Normally, young adult men were the most valuable due to the type of work they were able to do and a typically long life-span. Values would decrease based on factors such as age, gender, perceived health and docility (or likelihood to rebel). A slave described his experience at an auction: “The gentleman...would make us hold up our heads, walk briskly back and forth, while customers would feel of our hands and arms and bodies, turn us about, ask us what we could do, make us open our mouths and show our teeth, precisely as a jockey examines a horse which he is about to barter for or purchase. Sometimes a man or woman was taken back to the small house in the yard, stripped, and inspected more minutely. Scars upon a slave’s back were considered evidence of a rebellious or unruly spirit, and hurt his sale.”

Citation: American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634. First text: Alexander Falconbridge, "An account of the slave trade on the coast of Africa" (1788), in Thomas Howard, ed., "Black Voyage-Eyewitness Accounts of the Atlantic Slave Trade" (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1971). Second text: Solomon Northup, "Twelve Years A Slave" (Auburn, NY: Derby and Miller, 1853) 78–82. Both on Mr. Baker's site, "Slavery." sites.google. com/a/magellancharter.org/8thgrade/mr-baker/slavery. The Magellan Charter School, 9324 Baileywick Rd, Raleigh, NC 27615. Our thanks to Mr. Baker. April 12, 2018.

'Last Moments of John Brown' 1882-1884

Image ID: 9029

Collection: Karen Halttunen

Topic(s): Nineteenth Century, Civil War, Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.10 - The multiple causes, key events, and complex consequences of the Civil War

National Standard(s):

Card Text: Thomas Hovenden, "Last Moments of John Brown," 1882-84, oil on canvas, 77 3/8 x 66 1/4 in. (196.5 x 168.3 cm)

Citation: Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Carl Stoeckel, 1897 (97.5). http://metmus.org. All rights reserved.

Proslavery propaganda, 1852

Image ID: 8894

Collection: Karen Halttunen

Topic(s): Nineteenth Century, Nineteenth Century Slavery, Slavery and Abolition, Propaganda

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.7 - The divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s

National Standard(s): Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877) , Expansion and Reform (1801-1861)

Card Text: Proslavery propaganda: "The Negro In His Own Country" vs. "The Negro In America," from "Bible Defence of Slavery," 1852

Citation: Josiah Priest, "Bible Defence of Slavery," W. S. Brown: Glasgow, KY 1852. Chicago Historical Society, 1601 N Clark St, Chicago, IL 60614

John Brown of Osawatomie, 1937

Image ID: 6585

Collection: Roland Marchand

Topic(s): Abolitionism, Abolition, Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.9 - The early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to realize the ideals of the Declaration of Independence.

National Standard(s): Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877)

Card Text: John Steuart Curry painting, "John Brown."

Citation: The State House, Topeka, KS. In American Heritage, Pictorial History of the Presidents of the United States, Vol. I, 1968, p. 372. 8.9.1

Poster: 'Caution!! Colored people of Boston' 1851

Image ID: 11383

Collection: Louis Warren

Topic(s): Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.7 - The divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s , 8.7 - The divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s

National Standard(s): Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877)

Card Text: Poster: "Caution!! Colored people of Boston," a warning against kidnappers and slave catchers, including police officers, 1851, in response to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.

Citation: Boston Public Library, 700 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02116.

Slaves on large plantation near Vicksburg, 1863

Image ID: 8924

Collection: Karen Halttunen

Topic(s): Nineteenth Century, Nineteenth Century Slavery, Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.7 - The divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s

National Standard(s):

Card Text: Slaves on large plantation near Vicksburg, MS, July 5, 1863

Citation: Copyright holder unknown. J. Jack Moore Collection, Old Court House Museum, 1008 Cherry St, Vicksburg, MS 39183

Pro-Slavery Cartoon, 1841

Image ID: 6550

Collection: Roland Marchand

Topic(s): Black Americans, Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.7 - The divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s

National Standard(s): Expansion and Reform (1801-1861)

Card Text: A pro-slavery cartoon, comparing attitudes of England and the American South. The slave is saying, "God bless you, massa! You feed and clothe us. When we are sick you nurse us, and when too old to work, you provide for us!" The slave owner is saying, "These poor creatures are a legacy from my ancestors and while a dollar is left me, nothing shall be spared to increase their comfort and happiness." The British laborer is saying, "Oh heaven! In this boasted land of freedom to be starving from want of employment! No relief from the purse-proud aristocracy whose bloated fortunes have been made by our blood and toil!" The British aristocrat is saying, "Come pack off to the workhouse! That's the only fit asylum for you!" c. 1841.

Citation: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-89745. In Leslie H. Fishel, Jr., and Benjamin Quarles, eds., The Negro American: A Documentary History, Scott, Foresman and Co., 1967, p. 100. 8.7.2

Detail of the interior of a slave ship showing slaves crammed together

Image ID: 6191

Collection: Roland Marchand

Topic(s): Black Americans, Slave Trading, Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.7 - The divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s , 10.4 - Global change in the era of New Imperialism in Africa, Southeast Asia, China, India, Latin America, and the Philippines

National Standard(s):

Card Text: Detail of the interior of a slave ship showing slaves crammed together.

Citation: Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-44000. In John Hope Franklin, An Illustrated History of Black Americans, 1970, pp. 16-7.

Map: The Triangular Trade, 16th-19th cs.

Image ID: 14119

Collection: Cynthia Brantley

Topic(s): Maps, Trade, Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): Africa, North America, Caribbean, Europe

CA Standard(s): 10.4 - Global change in the era of New Imperialism in Africa, Southeast Asia, China, India, Latin America, and the Philippines, 8.7 - The divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s

National Standard(s): The Emergence of the First Global Age, 1450-1770, An Age of Revolutions, 1750-1914

Card Text: Map: The Triangular Trade: The trans-Atlantic slave trade began around the mid-15th c. when Portuguese in Africa moved away from the fabled deposits of gold to a much more readily available commodity - slaves. By the 17th c. the trade was in full swing, reaching a peak towards the end of the 18th c. It was a very fruitful trade, since every stage of the journey could be profitable for merchants - the infamous triangular trade. Enslaved Africans were sent to the Americas, American sugar and tobacco to Europe, and European factory goods to Africa, during the late 16th-19th cs. During the colonial era profits from rum and other American and British manufactured goods sold on the west coast of Africa financed the purchase of enslaved Africans. The sale of those slaves in the Americas in turn funded the shipment of sugar, molasses, and other New World raw materials to the point of origin for the manufactured products sold by Europeans in the "new markets" of their African colonies. Rhode Island was the principal mainland American point on the triangle. The economic dislocations caused by the American Revolution disrupted US participation in the Atlantic slave trade. In 1807 Britain outlawed the slave trade altogether, and the US followed suit in 1808. The British navy began to suppress the trade on the high seas. Some slave ships continued to make their way to American ports, but the heyday of the Atlantic slave trade, triangular or otherwise, was over.

Citation: Source unknown. Text: Alistair Boddy-Evans, "The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A review of the triangular trade," African History, ©2011 About.com. Online at http://africanhistory.about.com/od/slavery/tp/TransAtlantic001.htm. All rights reserved.

Cartoon: 'Tree of slavery'

Image ID: 6598

Collection: Roland Marchand

Topic(s): Abolitionism, Abolition, Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.9 - The early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to realize the ideals of the Declaration of Independence.

National Standard(s): Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877)

Card Text: Two men chopping down "tree of slavery," J. Valentine, lithograph.

Citation: Leeds Anti-Slavery Series, 1850. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 141. 8.9.5

'Underground Railroad' 1893

Image ID: 6602

Collection: Roland Marchand

Topic(s): Abolitionism, Abolition, Slavery and Abolition

Region(s): United States

CA Standard(s): 8.11 - The character and lasting consequences of Reconstruction, 8.7 - The divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s

National Standard(s): Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877)

Card Text: Charles T. Webber, Ohio artist, "Underground Railroad," 1893.

Citation: Copyright The Cincinnati Art Museum, 953 Eden Park Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45202. All rights reserved. In American Heritage, April 1967, p. 22.